Which of the following best describes stereotype threat?

Stereotype threat refers to the psychological phenomenon where individuals feel at risk of confirming negative stereotypes about their social group. When people are aware of the stereotypes associated with their identity — such as those related to race, gender, or age — it can lead to anxiety and reduced performance in situations where they might be judged based on those stereotypes.

The correct choice captures this essence by highlighting that stereotype threat is fundamentally about a self-confirming concern regarding negative evaluations rooted in stereotypes. This concern can affect cognitive functioning and lead to behaviors that fulfill the very stereotypes individuals are anxious about, thereby perpetuating a cycle of underperformance.

In contrast, the other options do not accurately address the concept of stereotype threat. One option suggests a positive affirmation that counters stereotypes, which does not relate to the anxiety and pressure experienced by individuals under stereotype threat. Another option describes a measure of academic ability, which is unrelated to the psychological impact of stereotypes. Lastly, a strategy to overcome social anxieties does not specifically encapsulate the nuances of stereotype threat, which centers more on the fear of negative evaluation rather than simply addressing anxieties.