What is the focus of preconventional morality according to Kohlberg?

Preconventional morality, as outlined by Kohlberg, is characterized by a focus on direct consequences to the individual, particularly in terms of rewards and punishments. At this stage, individuals make moral judgments based on the outcomes that affect them directly rather than considering societal norms or the broader social context.

In preconventional morality, decision-making is primarily influenced by the desire to avoid punishment or seek rewards. This means that behaviors are assessed based on how they serve the individual's immediate interests. For instance, an action may be deemed "good" if it leads to a reward or if it leads to avoiding a negative consequence, such as punishment. This aligns with the developmental understanding that younger individuals, particularly children, often view morality in a simplified manner, focused on clear, tangible outcomes rather than abstract reasoning or societal expectations.

Thus, the emphasis on rewards and punishments accurately reflects the essence of preconventional morality, placing the individual’s experiences and their consequences at the forefront of their understanding of right and wrong.