What does the term "conventional morality" specifically refer to in child development?

The term "conventional morality" in child development specifically refers to a stage where an individual's moral reasoning is shaped by adherence to societal expectations and social norms. This concept is rooted in the theories of moral development proposed by psychologists such as Lawrence Kohlberg. During this stage, children begin to understand the importance of following rules, maintaining social order, and gaining approval from others.

They learn that moral behavior is often about fitting in and conforming to the expectations set by society, which includes understanding the roles of authority and the values upheld by their communities. This level of morality represents an important transition from earlier stages that focus more on personal gain or punishment, thereby widening the child's perspective to include a broader social context.

In contrast, the other choices emphasize different aspects of morality that do not align with the concept of conventional morality. Individual preference focuses more on personal judgment rather than societal norms, family rules might not capture larger societal expectations, and punitive measures alone do not encompass the more nuanced understanding of morality that includes intentions and social conformity.