What does rumination refer to in psychological terms?

Rumination in psychological terms specifically refers to the process of compulsively overthinking about problems or issues. This involves the repetitive and often negative focus on distressing thoughts, feelings, or experiences, which can lead to emotional distress and mental health challenges such as anxiety and depression. Individuals who ruminate may find themselves stuck in a cycle of negative thinking, which can hinder their ability to effectively resolve problems or move past difficult emotions.

The nature of rumination contrasts sharply with more constructive cognitive processes. For example, quick decision-making about problems tends to involve taking action and finding solutions rather than dwelling on distress. Similarly, methods for resolving conflicts typically require active engagement and collaboration rather than prolonged contemplation of distressing thoughts. Lastly, reflecting positively on experiences promotes constructive processing and emotional well-being, but rumination is characterized by a focus on the negative rather than the positive side of thoughts and experiences. Thus, the correct definition of rumination captures its essence as a maladaptive cognitive pattern.