What does bilingualism refer to?

Bilingualism primarily refers to the ability to communicate proficiently in two distinct languages. This encompasses not just speaking, but also understanding, reading, and writing in both languages. Individuals who are bilingual can switch between these languages as needed, depending on the context or audience.

The other options provide different aspects of language and communication but do not capture the full essence of bilingualism. Fluency in multiple dialects involves variations of a single language rather than the use of two separate languages. The ability to translate focuses specifically on converting text or speech from one language to another, which is a skill that may or may not be present in a bilingual individual. Teaching methodologies involving dual languages relate more to educational strategies rather than the innate ability to use two languages. Thus, the defining characteristic of bilingualism is the proficiency in and use of two languages.