What characterizes conventional morality in Kohlberg's stages?

Conventional morality, as defined by Kohlberg's stages of moral development, is characterized by governance by societal norms and rules. At this stage, individuals adhere to the expectations and laws of society to maintain order and gain approval from others. They recognize the importance of social structures and agreements, focusing on upholding laws and fulfilling duties, believing that doing so is essential for a functioning society.

This perspective moves beyond the individualistic reasoning found in the earlier stages, where decisions may be based on personal rewards or avoiding punishment. Instead, individuals at the conventional level prioritize conformity, loyalty to their role in society, and maintaining the social fabric, which reflects a greater collective understanding and responsibility.

The other options reflect different aspects of moral reasoning. For instance, governance by egoistic motives and prioritizing personal rewards pertain to earlier stages of development, where self-interest is the primary motivator. In contrast, focusing on universal ethical principles relates to post-conventional stages, where morality is informed by abstract reasoning and a commitment to universal ethical standards rather than adherence to societal norms alone.