What are sex differences primarily based on?

Sex differences are primarily based on biological factors, which include the genetic, hormonal, and anatomical differences between males and females. These biological aspects influence many aspects of development and behavior, impacting physical attributes such as reproductive organs, secondary sexual characteristics, and physical strength.

While cultural roles, personal choices, and social expectations do play significant roles in shaping behaviors and societal norms associated with gender, the foundational differences that categorize individuals as male or female stem from biological characteristics. This biological grounding establishes the framework within which many of the cultural and social elements develop. For instance, while society might shape how individuals express their gender or the roles they take on, the underlying biological differences remain constant and are crucial for understanding the nature of sex differences.